In the modern world, microwave communication is ubiquitous with electromagnetic waves in tens of gigahertz range providing efficient transmission with wide bandwidths for data links between satellites orbiting around earth and ground stations. High frequency communication links like this are now very common, though overfilled spectral bands allocated to different communications channels causing interference and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are serious concerns.
The rules that govern EMC dictate that new equipment meet stringent requirements concerning microwave shielding of both components and systems. This is driving a search for new materials to be used as coating layers, shields and filters in future nanoelectronic devices. Shielding electronic devices with a barrier that simply reflects incoming microwave radiation only shifts the electromagnetic pollution problem elsewhere. Thus the focus is on developing EMC coatings that absorb rather than reflect microwaves, with a practical emphasis on layers less than a thousandth of a millimeter thick.
A team of researchers, led by Philippe Lambin from the Université de Namur in Belgium found that a graphene plane can provide an effective absorbent shield against microwaves. The results of the study, the principal contributors to which are Konstantin Batrakov and Polina Kuzhir, both from the Belarussian State University in Minsk, are published in the journal Scientific Reports. All eight of the authors are part of the Graphene Flagship, a consortium of academic and industrial partners that focuses on the need for Europe to address the big scientific and technological challenges through long-term, multidisciplinary research efforts.
Lambin and his colleagues demonstrated that the conductivity of several graphene layers adds arithmetically when thin polymer spacers separate them. Maximum microwave absorption in the Ka communications band between 26.5 and 40 GHz is achieved with six graphene planes separated by layers of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA), a transparent plastic also known as acrylic glass.
Multilayer microwave barriers constructed by researchers based at the University of Eastern Finland in Joensuu start with a first graphene layer deposited on a copper foil substrate by chemical vapour deposition. This graphene layer is then covered with a 600-800 nanometre PMMA spacer obtained by spin coating, following which the copper is etched away with ferric chloride, and the graphene/PMMA heterostructure transferred to a quartz substrate. The procedure is repeated until the required number of graphene layers is reached.
A single layer of graphene can absorb up to 25% of incident microwave radiation, which is a lot for a one atom-thick material. With a multilayer graphene/PMMA arrangement, the absorption rises to 50%. This can be understood in theoretical terms by analysing the transmission and reflection of a plane wave at the interface between two dielectric media, when the interface contains an infinitesimally thin conducting layer. In this way, the researchers were able to optimise their graphene-PMMA structures for maximum absorption, with the results confirmed by rigorous electromagnetic testing.
The idea of using graphene/dielectric multilayers for electromagnetic wave absorption is not new. For example, a few years ago there was published a proposal for an ultra-broadband absorbing multilayer operating in the terahertz region, far higher than the Ka communications band discussed here.
A multilayer terahertz shield would be a complex affair, with its graphene planes patterned at the micron scale in order to generate surface plasmon resonances – oscillations in the electrons which propagate along the interfaces between different material layers. The microwave barrier devised by the Graphene Flagship team is relatively simple by comparison, with advantages in terms of fabrication and scalability.
In real-world applications, graphene/PMMA multilayers require protection against external chemical and mechanical agents. The quartz substrate should therefore face outwards, and be combined with a softer material. The choice and thickness of material are additional parameters that will influence microwave absorbance.
Process scalability will increase considerably if stacks of few-layer graphene are deposited in one step, instead of piling up graphene monolayers with their PMMA shuttles. In addition, any process that raises the conductivity of graphene will reduce the number of atomic planes required to maximise the level of microwave absorption.
