Most Next-generation wireless systems are based on beamforming networks (BFNs). These systems are complex, expensive and require multiple circuit layers for implementation. Scientists at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) and the European Space Agency have now introduced a novel matrix topology for a BFN that reduces the number of layers BFNs typically need. This paves the way for cheaper and more efficient next-generation wireless systems.
Wireless technology is responsible for enabling pivotal innovations such as radio and satellite communication. Central to these systems are antennas that can transmit and receive signals. As the scope of wireless technology continues to grow, the next generation of wireless systems require multibeam antennas that are capable of efficiently handling multiple beams. To maintain stable and reliable connections between transmitters and receivers, these multi-beam antennas use beamforming networks (BFNs) like the Butler and Nolen matrices. These BFNs control and direct output signals using a combination of electrical components including phase shifters and directional couplers. The type of BFNs used determines the structure of the circuit and the number of layers the circuit would need to generate a certain number of beams.
BFNs have become even more necessary for implementing 5G technology in the millimeter-wave range as these waves are much more prone to interference. This has led researchers to look into BFNs and improve them to provide low cost-solutions for single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) implementation. In other words, the goal is to produce a configuration with the maximum number of beams and the lowest number of layers.
Now in a study published in IEEE Journal of Microwaves, scientists from Tokyo Tech, Japan, and the European Space Agency, The Netherlands, have introduced a novel one-dimensional switching matrix that achieves a reduction in the number of layers when compared to conventional matrices. Elaborating their approach, Prof. Jiro Hirokawa from Tokyo Tech explains, "We have numerically found the parameters of the directional couplers (including crossovers) and phase shifters that determine the structure of the circuit for an arbitrary number of beams in the generalized configuration of the orthogonal matrix-forming multiple antenna beams. The discovery improves over previously known solutions addressing the specific challenges of planar implementation."
The novel matrix topology overcomes the limitations of conventional beamforming matrices. While Butler matrices are limited in the number of beams they can generate to integer powers of two, the proposed solution can generate an arbitrary number of beams. Unlike Nolen matrices, an even distribution of the signals between the phase shifters and directional couplers is possible, resulting in more uniform output signals.
Compared to the conventional Butler and Nolen matrices, the novel matrix topology also achieves a reduction in the number of layers when the number of beams is five and above, reaching a reduction ratio of 38% with 8 beams. "This reduction ratio is very useful for passive antenna orthogonal beamforming matrices. It is expected to benefit the design of next-generation wireless mobile systems and satellite communication microwave payloads," explains Prof. Hirokawa.
The various improvements to the output signal and the compaction in the number of layers allow the proposed BFN to be implemented in low-cost printed circuit boards, making the manufacture of multibeam antennas for the next-generation wireless systems viable and cost-effective.
