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Full-duplex communication is a type of communication where both the transmission and reception of data can be done simultaneously, as opposed to half-duplex communication, where only one process can be done at a time. Full-duplex communication is widely used in modern communication systems, including wireless networks, satellite communication, and radio communication.
Full-Duplex communication can be achieved in two ways:
Option 1: By using a single physical communication channel for both directions simultaneously
Option 2: By using uses two distinct physical channels, one for each direction (also called dual-simplex communication).
Wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and cellular networks use a single physical channel for communication in both direction simultaneously. In these types of full-duplex systems, communication in both directions simultaneously is achieved by using two techniques - time-division duplexing (TDD), or frequency-division duplexing (FDD). In TDD, the same frequency band is used for both transmitting and receiving, but the time is divided into two parts. During the first part, one party can transmit data while the other party listens, and during the second part, the roles are reversed. This technique is commonly used in wireless networks such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. In FDD, two separate frequency bands are used for transmitting and receiving data. The transmitting and receiving frequencies are usually separated by a specific frequency band to prevent interference. This technique is commonly used in cellular networks such as 4G LTE and 5G.
The second type of full-duplex communication uses a dedicated channel for both transmitting and receiving data. Hence, this dual-simplex type of full-duplex communication has two separate channels between communicating systems. For example, One of the earliest examples of this type of full-duplex communication was the traditional telephone system. Land-line telephone networks achieved dual-simplex communication by using a two-wire circuit through the use of a hybrid coil in a telephone hybrid. This system was the precursor to modern communication technologies such as VoIP, video conferencing, and instant messaging, which have all adopted full-duplex communication as a standard later.
Many Ethernet connections achieve full-duplex operation by making simultaneous use of two physical twisted pairs inside the same jacket, or two optical fibers which are directly connected to each networked device: one pair or fiber is for receiving packets, while the other is for sending packets (a dual-simplex communication). Other Ethernet variants, such as 1000BASE-T use the same channels in each direction simultaneously. In any case, with full-duplex operation, the cable itself becomes a collision-free environment and doubles the maximum total transmission capacity supported by each Ethernet connection.
Advantages of Full-Duplex Communication
Disadvantages of Full-Duplex Communication
Full-duplex communication is a powerful technology that can greatly improve the efficiency and throughput of communication systems. While it does have some disadvantages, the benefits of full-duplex communication make it a valuable technology for a wide range of applications. With ongoing advancements in wireless communication technology, full-duplex communication is likely to become even more prevalent in the future.
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