Wireless researchers at Rice University are taking a page from the inventor of the radio - Guglielmo Marconi - to create the first laser-free, wireless system capable of delivering 1 terabit of data per second. This is more than 20,000 times faster than today’s top 4G wireless networks and about 20 times faster than the fastest home internet connection in the US. A terabit is 1 trillion bits of information. A 1 terabit-per-second signal could simultaneously stream about 200,000 high-definition movies.
Breaking the terabit-per-second barrier with radio will enable an entirely new set of wireless applications and communication paradigms. Edward Knightly, professor and chair of Rice’s Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and principal investigator has been awarded a new $1.3 million, three-year grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop terabit wireless technology.
The need for such speed is indicated by a 2016 Cisco study that found global mobile data traffic grew by 74 percent in 2015, rising to 3.7 exabytes (almost 30 million terabits) per month in December 2015. The same report found that smartphone data usage grew 43 percent in 2015, with the average user consuming 929 megabytes per month. That was driven in large part by the public’s rapidly growing appetite for watching videos on mobile devices. Cisco found that mobile video accounted for 55 percent of all mobile data traffic in 2015. That level of demand led the NSF to invest more than $60 million in radio spectrum research over the past five years. The grant to Rice is part of a new $11 million round of investment announced by NSF.
To hit the 1 terabit-per-second threshold, Knightly and co-principal investigator Aydin Babakhani plan to use pulse-based radio technology. That represents a break with the carrier-wave modulation technology that wireless companies have relied on for decades. Pulse-based technology is probably the only laser-free wireless technology that can support data rates in the 1-terabit-per-second range over a single channel, but the team must clear a number hurdles to demonstrate that they can both send and receive 1 trillion high-frequency radio pulses per second.
Pulse-based technology isn’t new, Marconi first demonstrated it in the early 1900s. He used an antenna connected to a large capacitor. By charging that, he could cause the power to build up until the voltage difference ionized the air gap and caused all the power to be sent to the antenna at once. That was the first pulse-based communication network. He used it to show he could transmit long distances, and it was low-frequency.
The team's pulse-based system is inspired by Marconi’s invention, but instead of the power going to a large antenna through an air gap, like Marconi’s, their goes to an on-chip antenna through a high-speed bipolar transistor. They’re storing magnetic energy on the chip, and then using a simple digital trigger to release that. Once released, it radiates as a picosecond impulse. There is no oscillator: It’s direct digital-to-impulse radiation. Unlike laser-based pulse systems, which can send even shorter pulses, theirs can send many pulses very fast, which translates to a high pulse-rate frequency, something that’s vital for achieving the data speeds they are targeting.
Babakhani’s lab, which set a world record earlier this year for transmitting the shortest radio pulse of 1.9 picoseconds, will develop and fabricate a dinner-plate-sized transmitter that can send even shorter pulses at high frequencies ranging from 100 gigahertz to several terahertz. The transmitter will actually contain about 10,000 individual antennas, each of which is a separate microchip capable of sending out picosecond radio pulses. The number of antennas will boost the signal strength, making it possible to demonstrate the technology over distances up to a quarter mile. In addition, the antenna array also will allow the team to steer the signal with fine accuracy.
Modulated, frequency-based communications technology has been perfect for the lower frequency radio waves that they have relied on over the past half-century, but everything changes at higher frequencies above 100 gigahertz. Instead of having signals that bounce off walls and are highly scattered throughout the environment, they’re moving to a regime where they only effectively have line-of-sight. The benefit is that they’re going to blast all the bandwidth and all the information directly to a device with laser-sharp focus, and no one else will be able to intercept that signal because any receiver that’s offline simply won’t detect it. So, they’re focusing like a laser but are using a radio. The challenge is to steer that beam to the right place at the right time and to follow users as they move.
