Imagine you’re waiting in your car and a poster for a concert from a local band catches your eye. What if you could just tune your car to a radio station and actually listen to that band’s music? Or perhaps you see the poster on the side of a bus stop. What if it could send your smartphone a link for discounted tickets or ask it to give you directions to the venue? Going further, imagine you go for a run, and your shirt can sense your perspiration and send data on your vital signs directly to your phone.
Engineers at the University of Washington have developed a new technique that makes these “smart” posters and clothing a reality by allowing them to communicate directly with your car’s radio or your smartphone. For instance, bus stop billboards could send digital content about local attractions. A street sign could broadcast the name of an intersection or notice that it is safe to cross a street, improving accessibility for the disabled. In addition, clothing with integrated sensors could monitor vital signs and send them to a phone.
But the main challenge for this technology was that radio technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth and conventional FM radios would last less than half a day with a coin cell battery when transmitting. To solve this problem, the engineers at the University of Washington, developed a new way of communication where they send information by reflecting ambient FM radio signals that are already in the air, which consumes close to zero power.
The team has demonstrated how to apply a technique called “backscattering” to outdoor FM radio signals. The new system based on this technology, transmits messages by reflecting and encoding audio and data in these signals that are ubiquitous in urban environments, without affecting the original radio transmissions. The results are published in a paper to be presented in Boston at the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation later in March.
The team demonstrated that a “singing poster” for a placed at a bus stop could transmit a snippet of the band’s music, as well as an advertisement for the band, to a smartphone at a distance of 12 feet or to a car 60 feet away. They overlaid the audio and data on top of ambient news signals from a local NPR radio station.
Such ubiquitous low-power connectivity can also enable smart fabric applications such as clothing integrated with sensors to monitor a runner’s gait and vital signs that transmits the information directly to a user’s phone. In a second demonstration, the researchers from the UW Networks & Mobile Systems Lab used conductive thread to sew an antenna into a cotton T-shirt, which was able to use ambient radio signals to transmit data to a smartphone at rates up to 3.2 kilobits per second.
The system works by taking an everyday FM radio signal broadcast from an urban radio tower. The “smart” poster or T-shirt uses a low-power reflector to manipulate the signal in a way that encodes the desired audio or data on top of the FM broadcast to send a “message” to the smartphone receiver on an unoccupied frequency in the FM radio band. The system doesn’t disturb existing FM radio frequencies. The messages are send on an adjacent band that no one is using without disturbing the original transmission.
The team demonstrated three different methods for sending audio signals and data using FM backscatter: one simply overlays the new information on top of the existing signals, another takes advantage of unused portions of a stereo FM broadcast, and the third uses cooperation between two smartphones to decode the message.
Because of the unique structure of FM radio signals, multiplying the original signal with the backscattered signal actually produces an additive frequency change. These frequency changes can be decoded as audio on the normal FM receivers built into cars and smartphones.
In the team’s demonstrations, the total power consumption of the backscatter system was 11 microwatts, which could run for about two years on a tiny coin-cell battery or it could even be powered by solar cells.
