It is already becoming apparent that the data rates offered by the coming 5G mobile communications standard will not satisfy the industry’s hunger for data for very long. That is why Fraunhofer experts have already started working on possible 6G technologies.
Fraunhofer, along with partners from the industry and other researchers are part of the EU-sponsored TERRANOVA project. Up to the end of 2019, the TERRANOVA team will be working on embedding terahertz wireless solutions into fast fiber optic networks, developing new frequency bands and thereby laying the foundation for a resilient communications infrastructure that will be able to cope with the demands of the future.
When today’s leading 4G standard was introduced back in 2010, it was the first time that you could achieve the sort of data transfer rates on a mobile device that you could on a home network. This is what facilitated many of the applications that mobile users today take for granted, including video calling, on-demand video streaming and connected machines and vehicles. Even so, the hunger for data just keeps on growing, with the result that even the comparatively fast LTE data rates of up to a gigabit a second have become a limiting factor in new applications. There is a clamor for faster connections, not just from mobile users but also from industry, where the growing number of connected devices and machines generate ever larger streams of data, which must be relayed as fast and smoothly as possible. The next telecommunications standard, 5G, is already on its way; this new mobile communications standard promises to deliver a huge boost in performance for wireless communications – up to ten gigabits a second.
However, developers are realizing that the current frequency bands will not be enough to serve the growing demand for stable wireless communication. For this reason, researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF have teamed up with researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI and further partners from industry and research to start work on the communications standard that is set to follow in the EU-sponsored TERRANOVA project. The goal is to create a network connection in the terahertz frequency range that is sufficiently stable to allow for wireless data transmission at speeds of up to 400 gigabits a second.
One way of providing such fast data rates is to expand the fiber optic network. However, not only is this expensive, it also fails to address the challenge of how to achieve such high data rates on mobile devices. The researchers’ solution is to combine fiber optic technology with wireless transmission. Admittedly, the frequencies currently employed by wireless technology are too low to achieve the kind of bandwidth necessary to relay data at fiber optic speed. As a rule of thumb, the lower the frequency, the less the available bandwidth. To achieve the same data rates provided by fiber optics wirelessly, they need to be transmitting on frequencies in the terahertz range. While these have a more restricted range than megahertz frequencies, they have a significantly greater bandwidth. 4G operates on frequencies of between 800 and 2600 megahertz, which give a bandwidth of up to a gigabit a second. With terahertz frequencies, on the other hand, there is enough bandwidth to achieve data rates of up to 400 gigabits a second. As a result, researchers are working on a transfer from optic to wireless data transmission. In other words, they want to fully exploit the potential of fiber optics without restricting it to cable connections, but rather transferring it to wireless transmissions.
Bandwidth is one of the central challenges. This is primarily because there are more and more devices and users making use of communications technology - from the mobile phone to the car, the smart home to Industrie 4.0. It’s not just about the speed of the data connection though. Another challenge researchers are addressing in this project is seamless transition between different access technologies. Today, mobile users switch back and forth between Wi-Fi and a mobile connection depending on the network coverage, and with laptops you also have the option to connect to the internet via a wired connection. What we don’t have at the moment is a seamless transition between the various connection types so that you can switch modes without any disruption. In the TERRANOVA project researchers want to give users an experience where they don’t even notice they are switching between access technologies.
There are many challenges to overcome on the way to the 6G standard, both in terms of the individual components and the way in which all the network components interact. To address these challenges, the two Fraunhofer Institutes are working on core tasks. Fraunhofer IAF is focusing primarily on the wireless transmission and the integration of wireless modules at chip level. One of the challenges is how to integrate a baseband interface with the fiber optic network and transmit the signals to the chip. Fraunhofer HHI, meanwhile, is working on signal processing so that signals can be transmitted from the antenna with as little disruption as possible. This signal processing must take place extremely rapidly, calling for the development of special algorithms that can make signal processing as efficient and energy saving as possible.
Researchers at Fraunhofer IAF and Fraunhofer HHI are working in close collaboration to develop and test the hardware elements of the pioneering network structure. Here, the strengths of the two institutes come together and complement each other. Fraunhofer HHI contributes its expertise in network concepts and its extensive experience from numerous 5G projects and fiber optics, while Fraunhofer IAF brings its experience in high-frequency wireless technology and millimeter wave technology in the analog realm. Since these areas often work in isolation of one another, the collaboration of the two institutes harbors a great deal of potential for the development of high-speed internet in the long term.
