What is a GNSS Module?
A GNSS module or receiver is a device that provides geolocation data by receiving signals from multiple satellites of a GNSS constellation. GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite System and is a broad term for all Geolocation satellite constellations like GPS (United States), Galileo (Europe), GLONASS (Russia), Beidou (China) and all other constellations. GNSS modules mainly consist of a GNSS receiver along with supporting circuitry like LNAs, filters, mixers, TXCOs etc. GNSS modules are used to provide continuous location data which can be used for navigation, to track assets and for a host of other applications.
Important parameters when looking for a GNSS Module:
GNSS Constellation: There are several GNSS constellations used all over the world which belong to different countries. GNSS receivers designed for one constellation won’t pick up signals from other constellations. However, most GNSS receivers support multiple constellations and may even receive from multiple constellations simultaneously. Some of the most common constellations are GPS (United States), Galileo (Europe), GLONASS (Russia) and Beidou (China).
Frequency Bands: There are three main GNSS Frequency bands - The most common is the 1575 MHz (L1 Band in GPS) band. The other bands are 1227 MHz (L2 Band in GPS) and 1176 MHz (L5 Band in GPS). Each constellation has a different band notifications, however the frequency ranges are similar.
Receiver sensitivity: Receiver sensitivity is the measure of the minimum signal strength the GNSS receiver can pick up from a satellite. GNSS signals lose significant strength while traveling a long distance from outer space to reach the surface of the earth. Hence, GNSS modules need to have a high receiver sensitivity to detect these weak signals. It is represented as acquisition, tracking and navigation sensitivities.
Time to First Fix (TTFF): It is the time required by a GNSS module to acquire satellite signals and navigational data to calculate its position or fix. It is represented as cold start, warm start and hot start times. Learn more about TTFF.
Interfaces: A GNSS module is connected to the device via an interface. A GNSS module may support several interfaces through which it can be controlled. Some common interfaces include I2C, UART, SPI etc.
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